In either band, we have a set number of channels that don't interfere. But they are important, and we'll come back to them later. Inserting Wi-Fi into this radar-priority spectrum requires special technology, so to date most consumer routers ignore these lanes. But roughly half of these channels-more in North America-are allocated for primary use by weather and military radar. That's a huge number of additional lanes on our crowded wireless highway. Signals in the 5-GHz band have a shorter range in the home, mostly because of the walls and furniture, but that band, which extends from 5.180 to 5.825 GHz, has 24 nonoverlapping 20-MHz-wide channels in North America, with five fewer in Europe and Japan. So when you scan for available networks on your phone or computer in the United States, if you can see more than three 2.4-GHz routers (a likely scenario for anyone not living in a rural environment), or if you see only three but any one of them is not on channel 1, 6, or 11, there is interference. So although it may appear that your Wi-Fi router has 11 or more channels to choose from, only a few of these channels can be used at the same time without potentially interfering with one another. Wi-Fi's World of Colliding Channels In the 2.4-gigahertz region of radio spectrum allocated to Wi-Fi, each Wi-Fi channel can span 20 or 22 megahertz. The situation is only slightly different in Europe, where 13 channels allow for still just three nonoverlapping channels at a time, and in Japan, where 14 channels allow for four nonoverlapping channels. The channels operating there under the IEEE 802.11 standard are 20 or 22 MHz wide, so you can fit in only three nonoverlapping channels: 1, 6, and 11. In the United States, in the 2.4-GHz band, the FCC has authorized roughly 80 megahertz for Wi-Fi use. The 2.4-GHz band works the best here: It easily penetrates walls and furniture, and signals generally travel farther at the same power level as they do in the 5-GHz band. There are several of these bands out there, but home Wi-Fi networks primarily operate in the 2.4-gigahertz and 5-GHz bands, because these are the only available parts of the radio spectrum that have the range and bandwidth needed. Users do have to comply with technical requirements, including power limits, but they do not have to apply for specific permission. That is, though the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) generally demands licenses to use the airwaves in the United States, and national spectrum regulators like Japan's Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications do the same elsewhere, the regulators leave some frequency bands relatively open. Wi-Fi operates in what is known as the unlicensed spectrum. Here's how Wi-Fi has become a victim of its own success-and what engineers can do to improve things. So certainly the wireless highways through which Wi-Fi traffic moves have gotten and will continue to get more crowded. By 2020, that will mushroom to 20.8 billion-that's 2.8 mobile devices for every person on Earth. Today, 6.4 billion connected devices are in use around the globe. The reason would appear to be obvious: There are many more people-and things-using Wi-Fi than a decade ago, and the numbers continue to grow. The White House, along with homes inhabited by more than 80 percent of the United States and 50 percent of the worldwide population, are in urban areas where Wi-Fi connections are steadily getting worse. In an interview with the BBC just before Super Bowl 50, First Lady Michelle Obama complained, “It can be a little sketchy. Some might even say, “It stinks!" Even the residents of the White House have Wi-Fi problems. Ask consumers in the developed world about their household Wi-Fi connection and they'll likely tell you that lately it seems to be getting worse, not better.
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